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<title>Table (database)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Table (database)</span></span>

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<p>In a <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a>, a <b>table</b> is a collection of related data organized in <a href="Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">table format</a>; consisting of <a href="Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">columns</a> and <a href="Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">rows</a>.

</p><p>In <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a>, and <a href="Flat_file_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat file database">flat file databases</a>, a <i>table</i> is a set of data elements (values) using a model of vertical <a href="Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">columns</a> (identifiable by name) and horizontal <a href="Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">rows</a>, the <a href="Cell_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (database)">cell</a> being the unit where a row and column intersect.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A table has a specified number of columns, but can have any number of rows.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each row is identified by one or more values appearing in a particular column subset. A specific choice of columns which uniquely identify rows is called the <a href="Primary_key" title="Primary key">primary key</a>.

</p><p>"Table" is another term for <a href="Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">"relation"</a>; although there is the difference in that a table is usually a <a href="Multiset" title="Multiset">multiset</a> (bag) of rows where a relation is a <a href="Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a> and does not allow duplicates. Besides the actual data rows, tables generally have associated with them some <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, such as <a href="Check_constraint" title="Check constraint">constraints</a> on the table or on the values within particular columns.

</p><p>The data in a table does not have to be physically stored in the database. <a href="View_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="View (database)">Views</a> also function as relational tables, but their data are calculated at query time. External tables (in <a href="IBM_Informix" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Informix">Informix</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

or <a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

for example) can also be thought of as views.

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In many systems for computational statistics, such as <a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> and <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>'s <a href="Pandas_(software)" title="Pandas (software)">pandas</a>, a <b>data frame</b> or <b>data table</b> is a <a href="Data_type" title="Data type">data type</a> supporting the table abstraction. Conceptually, it is a list of records or <a href="Observation_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Observation (statistics)">observations</a> all containing the same fields or columns. The implementation consists of a list of <a href="Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">arrays or vectors</a>, each with a name.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tables_versus_relations">Tables versus relations</h2></div>

<p>In terms of the <a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational model</a> of databases, a table can be considered a convenient representation of a <a href="Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">relation</a>, but the two are not strictly equivalent. For instance, a <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> table can potentially contain duplicate rows, whereas a true relation cannot contain duplicate rows that we call <a href="Tuple" title="Tuple">tuples</a>. Similarly, representation as a table implies a particular ordering to the rows and columns, whereas a relation is explicitly unordered. However, the database system does not guarantee any ordering of the rows unless an <a href="Order_by_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order by (SQL)"><code>ORDER BY</code></a> clause is specified in the <a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)"><code>SELECT</code></a> statement that queries the table.

</p><p>An equally valid representation of a relation is as an <i>n</i>-dimensional <a href="Graphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic">chart</a>, where <i>n</i> is the number of attributes (a table's columns). For example, a relation with two attributes and three values can be represented as a table with two columns and three rows, or as a two-dimensional graph with three points. The table and graph representations are only equivalent if the ordering of rows is not significant, and the table has no duplicate rows.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons">Comparisons</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchical_databases">Hierarchical databases</h3></div>

<p>In non-relational systems, <a href="Hierarchical_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical model">hierarchical databases</a>, the distant counterpart of a table is a structured <a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a>, representing the rows of a table in each row of the file and each column in a row. This structure implies that a row can have repeating information, generally in the child data segments. Data are stored in sequence of physical records.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spreadsheets">Spreadsheets</h3></div>

<p>Unlike a <a href="Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a>, the <a href="Datatype" class="mw-redirect" title="Datatype">datatype</a> of a column is ordinarily defined by the <a href="Logical_schema" title="Logical schema">schema</a> describing the table. Some <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> systems, such as <a href="SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a>, are less strict about column datatype definitions.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">Relation (database)</a></li>

<li><a href="Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">Row (database)</a></li>

<li><a href="Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">Column (database)</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_column" title="Virtual column">Virtual column</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table (information)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation cs2">"cell", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cell"><i>Merriam-Webster</i></a> (definition)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2012</span></cite>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/soliddb/v6r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.swg.im.soliddb.sql.doc/doc/tables.rows.and.columns.html">"SQL Guide: Tables, rows, and columns"</a>. <i>IBM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSGU8G_12.1.0/com.ibm.sqls.doc/ids_sqs_2053.htm">"CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE Statement"</a>. <i>IBM Knowledge center</i>. IBM Informix 12.10. IBM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-14</span></span>. <q>You use external tables to load and unload data to or from your database. You can also use external tables to query data in text files that are not in an Informix database.</q></cite></span>

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orafaq.com/wiki/External_table">"External table"</a>. <i>Oracle FAQ</i>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-14</span></span>. <q>An external table is a table that is NOT stored within the Oracle database. Data is loaded from a file via an access driver (normally ORACLE_LOADER) when the table is accessed. One can think of an external table as a view that allows running SQL queries against files on a filesystem [...].</q></cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFBrylaThomas2006" class="citation book cs1">Bryla, Bob; Thomas, Biju (20 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XX8qSa1x0G4C"><i>OCP: Oracle 10g New Features for Administrators Study Guide: Exam 1Z0-040</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons (published 2006). p. 90. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780782150858</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-14</span></span>. <q>Oracle 9<i>i</i> introduced external tables [...] read-only from the Oracle database. In Oracle 10<i>g</i>, you can write to external tables.</q></cite></span>

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</style><div id="Database_management_systems327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database management systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_database" title="Object database">Object-oriented</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational</a>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented</a>

<li><a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="NewSQL" title="NewSQL">NewSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory</a>

<li><a href="Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_multi-model_databases" title="Comparison of multi-model databases">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockchain-based_database" title="Blockchain-based database">Blockchain-based database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></li>

<li><a href="Armstrong's_axioms" title="Armstrong's axioms">Armstrong's axioms</a></li>

<li><a href="Codd's_12_rules" title="Codd's 12 rules">Codd's 12 rules</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Candidate_key" title="Candidate key">Candidate key</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">Foreign key</a></li>

<li><a href="PACELC_design_principle" title="PACELC design principle">PACELC design principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Superkey" title="Superkey">Superkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">Surrogate key</a></li>

<li><a href="Unique_key" title="Unique key">Unique key</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">Relation</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">Transaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Transaction_log" title="Transaction log">Transaction log</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">Trigger</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">Stored procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursor_(databases)" title="Cursor (databases)">Cursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">Partition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">Concurrency control</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query language</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_Rewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Query Rewriting">Query rewriting system</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_plan" title="Query plan">Query plan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_administration" title="Database administration">Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)#DATABASE" title="Replication (computing)">Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">Sharding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_model" title="Database model">Database models</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Database normalization</a></li>

<li>Database storage</li>

<li><a href="Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li>

<li><a href="Federated_database_system" title="Federated database system">Federated database system</a></li>

<li><a href="Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">Referential integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">Relational algebra</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_calculus" title="Relational calculus">Relational calculus</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li>

<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_database" title="Object–relational database">Object–relational database</a></li>

<li><a href="Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">Transaction processing</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_databases" title="Outline of databases">Outline</a></li></ul>

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